What Are the Different Types of Low-Voltage Cabling? A Complete Guide for California Businesses and Homeowners
If you’ve ever set up an internet connection, security camera, or intercom system, you’ve already used low-voltage cabling — even if you didn’t realize it. These cables are the unseen network that powers communication, security, and automation in homes and businesses across California.
In this guide, we’ll explore what low-voltage cabling is, the different types available, and how each one is used to create efficient, reliable, and safe systems. At Los Angeles low voltage experts, we specialize in designing and installing structured cabling systems that support reliable data and communication networks.
What Is Low-Voltage Cabling?
Low-voltage cabling refers to electrical wiring that carries 50 volts or less, typically used for communication, security, and data systems rather than for power distribution. Unlike standard electrical wiring that powers outlets or lighting, low-voltage cables transmit signals for devices like:
- Internet and Wi-Fi networks
- CCTV and IP camera systems
- Audio and video systems
- Alarm and access control systems
- Smart home devices
- Telephone and intercom systems
Low-voltage systems are essential for both residential and commercial buildings, providing connectivity, safety, and automation while minimizing energy use and fire risk.
Why Low-Voltage Cabling Matters
In today’s connected world, nearly every modern system — from security cameras to smart thermostats — depends on low-voltage wiring. A properly installed cabling network offers:
- Reliability – Fewer interruptions and better signal performance
- Safety – Lower electrical risk and heat generation
- Energy efficiency – Uses far less power than standard wiring
- Scalability – Easily supports future technology upgrades
For California property owners, low-voltage cabling is also key to meeting Title 24 energy standards and ensuring compliance with local electrical codes.
The Main Types of Low-Voltage Cabling
There are several kinds of low-voltage cables, each designed for specific purposes. Here’s a breakdown of the most common ones used in homes and businesses:
1. Ethernet (Network) Cabling
Used for: Internet and data networks
Types: CAT5e, CAT6, CAT6a, and CAT7
Ethernet cables connect computers, routers, and other devices for fast data transfer. CAT6 cabling is the most popular standard today, supporting speeds up to 10 Gbps and ideal for high-performance networks in offices, schools, and smart homes.
2. Coaxial Cable (Coax)
Used for: Cable TV, satellite, and CCTV systems
Coaxial cables are made of a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding, allowing them to transmit video and data signals with minimal interference. Common types include RG6 (for TV and internet) and RG59 (for older CCTV systems).
3. Fiber Optic Cable
Used for: High-speed internet and long-distance data transmission
Fiber optic cabling uses light signals instead of electrical currents, offering unmatched speed and reliability. It’s increasingly used in enterprise networks, data centers, and smart buildings across California.
4. Speaker Wire and Audio Cables
Used for: Home theaters, intercoms, and background music systems
These low-voltage cables connect amplifiers, speakers, and sound systems. Thicker cables (lower AWG numbers) are typically used for longer runs or higher power outputs.
5. Security and Alarm Cables
Used for: Burglar alarms, motion sensors, and access control systems
These cables usually have 2 to 22 conductors and come in shielded or unshielded versions depending on the system’s complexity. For example, 18/2 and 22/4 are common configurations used in California security installations.
6. Telephone and Intercom Cables
Used for: Landline phones, intercoms, and door entry systems
Telephone cables (like CAT3) are designed to transmit voice signals. While traditional landlines are less common today, intercom and communication systems in multi-unit buildings still rely on low-voltage voice cabling.
7. Control and Automation Cables
Used for: HVAC systems, lighting controls, and smart devices
These cables carry signals between controllers and devices in building automation systems (BAS) or smart homes. They’re built to handle frequent on/off commands without signal interference.
Choosing the Right Low-Voltage Cable
The right type of low-voltage cable depends on:
- Application – Data, video, audio, or control
- Distance – Longer runs may require shielded or fiber optic cables
- Environment – Indoor, outdoor, or plenum-rated for fire safety
- Future needs – Choosing CAT6 or fiber now can save upgrades later
Professional installers can design a structured cabling system that integrates all these types efficiently, avoiding signal loss or interference. To dive deeper into material composition and specifications, check out our guide on the different types of low voltage cables.
Why Work with a Licensed Low-Voltage Contractor
In California, low-voltage wiring must be installed by a licensed C-7 contractor to comply with state codes. Certified professionals ensure proper cable routing, grounding, and labeling to maintain both performance and safety.
Hiring a local expert also means:
- Compliance with California Building Code (Title 24)
- Clean, organized installation
- Cable testing and certification for quality assurance
- Ongoing support for maintenance or expansion
The Future of Low-Voltage Cabling
As technology continues to evolve, low-voltage cabling remains at the heart of smart infrastructure. With increasing demand for faster data speeds, automation, and energy efficiency, California businesses and homeowners are turning to CAT6, fiber optic, and integrated structured cabling systems to stay connected.
Upgrading your low-voltage cabling today ensures your property is ready for the digital future — efficient, secure, and adaptable for years to come. Curious about what specific cables fall under this category? Here’s an example of a low voltage cable commonly used in commercial installations.